The Trusted Region Framework algorithm seems to have the best performance in adequately optimizing all predefined goals specified for the antenna.

The optimization process has been implemented by using various algorithms included in CST Microwave Studio, such as Trusted Region Framework, Nelder Mead Simplex algorithm, Classic Powell and Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolutionary Strategy. The antenna is then optimized to concurrently improve voltage standing wave ratio, realized gain and front-to-back ratio. The practically measured realized gain is in good agreement with the simulated realized gain. The comparison between these simulations is presented to ensure accurate modelling of the antenna. Two simulations of the antenna are initially performed in time and frequency domain respectively. In this study, a log-periodic dipole array is measured, simulated, and then optimized in the 470–860 MHz frequency band. Such antennas are extensively used in electromagnetic compatibility measurements, spectrum monitoring and TV reception. Log-periodic antenna is a special antenna type utilized with great success in many broadband applications due to its ability to achieve nearly constant gain over a wide frequency range.

Cst antenna